Voting Rights

Choki Pratamaz

@chokichoki

Information on citizens' voting rights in the U.S. Includes some comparative information about voting rights in other countries.

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Choki Pratamaz

@chokichoki

Information on citizens' voting rights in the U.S. Includes some comparative information about voting rights in other countries.

Voting Rights - The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

The basis and foundation of our democratic form of government is the right to vote. Voting is one of the most important tools Americans have to influence the policies the government adopts. Unfortunately, many Americans are effectively denied their right to vote.
http://www.civilrights.org/voting-rights/?referrer=https://www.google.com
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965
Voting Rights - American Civil Liberties Union

Since 2008, states across the country have passed measures to make it harder for Americans-particularly black people, the elderly, students, and people with disabilities-to exercise their fundamental right to cast a ballot. These measures include voter ID laws, cuts to early voting, and purges of voter rolls.
https://www.aclu.org/issues/voting-rights
Voting rights in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The issue of voting rights in the United States has been fought for throughout United States history. Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both in the US Constitution and its amendments, and by state law.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States
History of Voting Rights

Throughout our brief history of just a few centuries, the central conflict in this country has been between those that envision a government determined by and working for all of its people, and those who dream of a country that guarantees the rights of a select few at the expense
http://massvote.org/voterinfo/history-of-voting-rights/
Timeline: A History of the Voting Rights Act - American Civil Liberties Union

The Voting Rights Act is a historic civil rights law that is meant to ensure that the right to vote is not denied on account of race or color. Unless Congress acts quickly, this could be the first election in 50 years without full protection of the right to vote for minority voters.
https://www.aclu.org/files/VRATimeline.html?redirect=timeline-history-voting-rights-act
U.S. Voting Rights

When the Constitution was written, only white male property owners (about 10 to 16 percent of the nation's population) had the vote. Over the past two centuries, though, the term "government by the people" has become a reality.
http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html
Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws - CRT - Department of Justice

Before the Civil War the United States Constitution did not provide specific protections for voting. Qualifications for voting were matters which neither the Constitution nor federal laws governed. At that time, although a few northern states permitted a small number of free black men to register and vote, slavery and restrictive state laws and practices led the franchise to be exercised almost exclusively by white males.
https://www.justice.gov/crt/introduction-federal-voting-rights-laws
VRA for Today - Moving Voting Rights Forward

Today, the campaign to restore the VRA is releasing a video highlighting the story of how, before the Supreme Court gutted it, the VRA protected the rights of minority voters when the city of Calera in Shelby County, Alabama, manipulated voting districts in a discriminatory manner to prevent Ernest Montgomery, the sole African American city councilmember, from being re-elected.
http://vrafortoday.org
The Voting Rights Act - American Civil Liberties Union

Since 1965, the Voting Rights Act (VRA) has protected minority voters at the polls. In June 2013, in a huge blow to democracy, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the coverage formula used for Section 5 of the VRA, which required jurisdictions with significant histories of voter discrimination to pre-clear any new voting practices or procedures, i.e., get federal approval from the Department of Justice, and show that they do not have a discriminatory purpose or effect.
https://www.aclu.org/issues/voting-rights/voting-rights-act
What Does the Constitution Actually Say About Voting Rights? - The Atlantic

Or, how the Shelby ruling is like starving a dog to death.
http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/08/what-does-the-constitution-actually-say-about-voting-rights/278782/

Comments

Voting Rights Act of 1965
Citations

Long title	An Act to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)	VRA
Nicknames	Voting Rights Act
Enacted by	the 89th United States Congress
Effective	August 6, 1965
Public law	Pub. L. 89–110
Statutes at Large	79 Stat. 437
Codification
Titles amended	Title 52—Voting and Elections
U.S.C. sections created	52 U.S.C. § 10101 52 U.S.C. §§ 10301–10314 52 U.S.C. §§ 10501–10508 52 U.S.C. §§ 10701–10702
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1564 by Mike Mansfield (D–MT) on March 17, 1965 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary Passed the Senate on May 26, 1965 (77–19) Passed the House with amendment on July 9, 1965 (333–85) Reported by the joint conference committee on July 29, 1965; agreed to by the House on August 3, 1965 (328–74) and by the Senate on August 4, 1965 (79–18) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 6, 1965
Major amendments
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970^[1] Voting Rights Act of 1965, Amendments of 1975^[2] Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982^[3] Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992^[4] Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, and Dr. Hector P. Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006^[5]^[6]
United States Supreme Court cases
List South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966) Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966) Cardona v. Power, 384 U.S. 672 (1966) Allen v. State Board of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 (1969) Gaston County v. United States, 395 U.S. 285 (1969) Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970) City of Richmond v. United States, 422 U.S. 358 (1975) East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall, 424 U.S. 636 (1976) Beer v. United States, 425 U.S. 130 (1976) United Jewish Organizations v. Carey, 430 U.S. 144 (1977) Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U.S. 55 (1980) City of Rome v. United States, 446 U.S. 156 (1980) Escambia County v. McMillan, 466 U.S. 48 (1984) Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks, 469 U.S. 1002 (1984) NAACP v. Hampton County Election Comm'n, 470 U.S. 166 (1985) Thornburg v. Gingles, 478 U.S. 30 (1986) Clark v. Roemer, 500 U.S. 646 (1991) Chisom v. Roemer, 501 U.S. 380 (1991) Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas, 501 U.S. 419 (1991) Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n, 502 U.S. 491 (1992) Growe v. Emison, 507 U.S. 25 (1993) Voinovich v. Quilter, 507 U.S. 146 (1993) Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993) Holder v. Hall, 512 U.S. 874 (1994) Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997 (1994) Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900 (1995) Morse v. Republican Party of Virginia, 517 U.S. 186 (1996) Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899 (1996) Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996) Lopez v. Monterey County, 519 U.S. 9 (1996) Young v. Fordice, 520 U.S. 273 (1997) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board, 520 U.S. 471 (1997) Abrams v. Johnson, 521 U.S. 74 (1997) Foreman v. Dallas County, 521 U.S. 979 (1997) City of Monroe v. United States, 522 U.S. 34 (1997) Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296 (1998) Lopez v. Monterey County, 525 U.S. 266 (1999) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board, 528 U.S. 320 (2000) Branch v. Smith, 538 U.S. 254 (2003) Georgia v. Ashcroft, 539 U.S. 461 (2003) League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, 548 U.S. 399 (2006) Riley v. Kennedy, 553 U.S. 406 (2008) Bartlett v. Strickland, 556 U.S. 1 (2009) Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder, 557 U.S. 193 (2009) Perry v. Perez, 565 U.S. 388 (2012) Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013) Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama, No. 13-895, 575 U.S. ___ (2015) Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections, No. 15-680, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) Cooper v. Harris, No. 15-1262, 581 U.S. ___ (2017) North Carolina v. Covington, No. 16-1023, 581 U.S. ___ (2017) Abbott v. Perez, No. 17-586, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) North Carolina v. Covington, No. 17-1364, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, No. 19-1257, 594 U.S. ___ (2021) Allen v. Milligan, No. 21-1086, 599 U.S. ___ (2023)

Source : Wikipedia under CC-BY-SA license

Links
Media

Voting Rights - The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

The basis and foundation of our democratic form of government is the right to vote. Voting is one of the most important tools Americans have to influence the policies the government adopts. Unfortunately, many Americans are effectively denied their right to vote.
http://www.civilrights.org/voting-rights/?referrer=https://www.google.com
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965
Voting Rights - American Civil Liberties Union

Since 2008, states across the country have passed measures to make it harder for Americans-particularly black people, the elderly, students, and people with disabilities-to exercise their fundamental right to cast a ballot. These measures include voter ID laws, cuts to early voting, and purges of voter rolls.
https://www.aclu.org/issues/voting-rights
Voting rights in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The issue of voting rights in the United States has been fought for throughout United States history. Eligibility to vote in the United States is established both in the US Constitution and its amendments, and by state law.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States
History of Voting Rights

Throughout our brief history of just a few centuries, the central conflict in this country has been between those that envision a government determined by and working for all of its people, and those who dream of a country that guarantees the rights of a select few at the expense
http://massvote.org/voterinfo/history-of-voting-rights/
Timeline: A History of the Voting Rights Act - American Civil Liberties Union

The Voting Rights Act is a historic civil rights law that is meant to ensure that the right to vote is not denied on account of race or color. Unless Congress acts quickly, this could be the first election in 50 years without full protection of the right to vote for minority voters.
https://www.aclu.org/files/VRATimeline.html?redirect=timeline-history-voting-rights-act
U.S. Voting Rights

When the Constitution was written, only white male property owners (about 10 to 16 percent of the nation's population) had the vote. Over the past two centuries, though, the term "government by the people" has become a reality.
http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html
Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws - CRT - Department of Justice

Before the Civil War the United States Constitution did not provide specific protections for voting. Qualifications for voting were matters which neither the Constitution nor federal laws governed. At that time, although a few northern states permitted a small number of free black men to register and vote, slavery and restrictive state laws and practices led the franchise to be exercised almost exclusively by white males.
https://www.justice.gov/crt/introduction-federal-voting-rights-laws
VRA for Today - Moving Voting Rights Forward

Today, the campaign to restore the VRA is releasing a video highlighting the story of how, before the Supreme Court gutted it, the VRA protected the rights of minority voters when the city of Calera in Shelby County, Alabama, manipulated voting districts in a discriminatory manner to prevent Ernest Montgomery, the sole African American city councilmember, from being re-elected.
http://vrafortoday.org
The Voting Rights Act - American Civil Liberties Union

Since 1965, the Voting Rights Act (VRA) has protected minority voters at the polls. In June 2013, in a huge blow to democracy, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the coverage formula used for Section 5 of the VRA, which required jurisdictions with significant histories of voter discrimination to pre-clear any new voting practices or procedures, i.e., get federal approval from the Department of Justice, and show that they do not have a discriminatory purpose or effect.
https://www.aclu.org/issues/voting-rights/voting-rights-act
What Does the Constitution Actually Say About Voting Rights? - The Atlantic

Or, how the Shelby ruling is like starving a dog to death.
http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/08/what-does-the-constitution-actually-say-about-voting-rights/278782/

Voting Rights Act of 1965
Citations

Long title	An Act to enforce the fifteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)	VRA
Nicknames	Voting Rights Act
Enacted by	the 89th United States Congress
Effective	August 6, 1965
Public law	Pub. L. 89–110
Statutes at Large	79 Stat. 437
Codification
Titles amended	Title 52—Voting and Elections
U.S.C. sections created	52 U.S.C. § 10101 52 U.S.C. §§ 10301–10314 52 U.S.C. §§ 10501–10508 52 U.S.C. §§ 10701–10702
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1564 by Mike Mansfield (D–MT) on March 17, 1965 Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary Passed the Senate on May 26, 1965 (77–19) Passed the House with amendment on July 9, 1965 (333–85) Reported by the joint conference committee on July 29, 1965; agreed to by the House on August 3, 1965 (328–74) and by the Senate on August 4, 1965 (79–18) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 6, 1965
Major amendments
Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970^[1] Voting Rights Act of 1965, Amendments of 1975^[2] Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1982^[3] Voting Rights Language Assistance Act of 1992^[4] Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, César E. Chávez, Barbara C. Jordan, William C. Velásquez, and Dr. Hector P. Garcia Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006^[5]^[6]
United States Supreme Court cases
List South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301 (1966) Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966) Cardona v. Power, 384 U.S. 672 (1966) Allen v. State Board of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 (1969) Gaston County v. United States, 395 U.S. 285 (1969) Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970) City of Richmond v. United States, 422 U.S. 358 (1975) East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall, 424 U.S. 636 (1976) Beer v. United States, 425 U.S. 130 (1976) United Jewish Organizations v. Carey, 430 U.S. 144 (1977) Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U.S. 55 (1980) City of Rome v. United States, 446 U.S. 156 (1980) Escambia County v. McMillan, 466 U.S. 48 (1984) Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks, 469 U.S. 1002 (1984) NAACP v. Hampton County Election Comm'n, 470 U.S. 166 (1985) Thornburg v. Gingles, 478 U.S. 30 (1986) Clark v. Roemer, 500 U.S. 646 (1991) Chisom v. Roemer, 501 U.S. 380 (1991) Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas, 501 U.S. 419 (1991) Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n, 502 U.S. 491 (1992) Growe v. Emison, 507 U.S. 25 (1993) Voinovich v. Quilter, 507 U.S. 146 (1993) Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993) Holder v. Hall, 512 U.S. 874 (1994) Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997 (1994) Miller v. Johnson, 515 U.S. 900 (1995) Morse v. Republican Party of Virginia, 517 U.S. 186 (1996) Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899 (1996) Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996) Lopez v. Monterey County, 519 U.S. 9 (1996) Young v. Fordice, 520 U.S. 273 (1997) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board, 520 U.S. 471 (1997) Abrams v. Johnson, 521 U.S. 74 (1997) Foreman v. Dallas County, 521 U.S. 979 (1997) City of Monroe v. United States, 522 U.S. 34 (1997) Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296 (1998) Lopez v. Monterey County, 525 U.S. 266 (1999) Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board, 528 U.S. 320 (2000) Branch v. Smith, 538 U.S. 254 (2003) Georgia v. Ashcroft, 539 U.S. 461 (2003) League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, 548 U.S. 399 (2006) Riley v. Kennedy, 553 U.S. 406 (2008) Bartlett v. Strickland, 556 U.S. 1 (2009) Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder, 557 U.S. 193 (2009) Perry v. Perez, 565 U.S. 388 (2012) Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013) Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama, No. 13-895, 575 U.S. ___ (2015) Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections, No. 15-680, 580 U.S. ___ (2017) Cooper v. Harris, No. 15-1262, 581 U.S. ___ (2017) North Carolina v. Covington, No. 16-1023, 581 U.S. ___ (2017) Abbott v. Perez, No. 17-586, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) North Carolina v. Covington, No. 17-1364, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, No. 19-1257, 594 U.S. ___ (2021) Allen v. Milligan, No. 21-1086, 599 U.S. ___ (2023)

Source : Wikipedia under CC-BY-SA license

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Voting Rights

Information on citizens' voting rights in the U.S. Includes some comparative information about voting rights in other countries.

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