Parkinson's disease |
Other names |
Idiopathic or primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy |
A. 1880s illustration of Parkinson's disease (PD)
B. Mild motor-predominant PD
|
Specialty |
Neurology  |
Symptoms |
|
Complications |
Falls, dementia, aspiration pneumonia |
Usual onset |
Age over 60[1] |
Duration |
Long-term |
Causes |
- Deficiency of dopamine (neurotransmitter) that is produced in the substantia nigra.
- Substantia Nigra degenerates in PD
- May be related to genetics, recurrent traumatic brain injuries and/or exposure to toxins
|
Risk factors |
Family history, dyspepsia, general anesthesia, pesticide exposure, head injuries |
Diagnostic method |
- Based on characteristic history & careful neurologic examination
- ↓ dopamine levels in urine
|
Differential diagnosis |
Dementia with Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, essential tremor, antipsychotic use, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, Huntington's disease, dopamine-responsive dystonia, Wilson's disease |
Prevention |
Physical activity, nicotine, caffeine |
Treatment |
- No known cure; therefore, treatment based on supportive measures & control of symptoms (physical, emotional, cognitive)
- Drugs : levodopa, antidepressants, anticholinergics (tremor & rigidity), Medical marijuana?
- But, medical marijuana is currently being researched, only anecdotal evidence
- Supportive measure -> independence & self-care
|
Medication |
L-DOPA, COMT inhibitors, AAAD inhibitors, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors |
Prognosis |
No cure for Parkinson's known. Near-normal life expectancy. |
Frequency |
8.5 million (2019) |
Named after |
James Parkinson |