What is metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors for heart disease, diabetes, and other health problems. You can have just one risk factor, but people often have several of them together. When you have at least three of them, it is called metabolic syndrome. These risk factors include
A large waistline, also called abdominal obesity or "having an apple shape." Too much fat around the stomach is a greater risk factor for heart disease than too much fat in other parts of the body.
Having a high triglyceride level. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood.
Having a low HDL cholesterol level. HDL is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.
Having high blood pressure. If your blood pressure stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to other health problems.
Having a high fasting blood sugar. Mildly high blood sugar may be an early sign of diabetes.
The more factors you have, the higher your risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke is.
What causes metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome has several causes that act together:
Overweight and obesity
An inactive lifestyle
Insulin resistance, a condition in which the body can't use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar into your cells to give them energy. Insulin resistance can lead to high blood sugar levels.
Age - your risk goes up as get older
Genetics - ethnicity and family history
People who have metabolic syndrome often also have excessive blood clotting and inflammation throughout the body. Researchers don't know whether these conditions cause metabolic syndrome or worsen it.
Who is at risk for metabolic syndrome?
The most important risk factors for metabolic syndrome are
Abdominal obesity (a large waistline)
An inactive lifestyle
Insulin resistance
There are certain groups of people who have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome:
Some racial and ethnic groups. Mexican Americans have the highest rate of metabolic syndrome, followed by whites and blacks.
People who have diabetes
People who have a sibling or parent who has diabetes
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
People who take medicines that cause weight gain or changes in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar levels
What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?
Most of the metabolic risk factors have no obvious signs or symptoms, except for a large waistline.
How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?
Your health care provider will diagnose metabolic syndrome based on the results of a physical exam and blood tests. You must have at least three of the risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome:
A large waistline, which means a waist measurement of
35 inches or more for women
40 inches or more for men
A high triglyceride level, which is 150 mg/dL or higher
A low HDL cholesterol level, which is
Less than 50 mg/dL for women
Less than 40 mg/dL for men
High blood pressure, which is a reading of 130/85 mmHg or higher.
A high fasting blood sugar, which is 100 mg/dL or higher
What are the treatments for metabolic syndrome?
The most important treatment for metabolic syndrome is a heart-healthy lifestyle, which includes
A heart-healthy eating plan, which limits the amount of saturated and trans fats that you eat. It encourages you to choose a variety of nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats.
Aiming for a healthy weight
Managing stress
Getting regular physical activity
Quitting smoking (or not starting if you don't already smoke)
If making lifestyle changes is not enough, you may need to take medicines. For example, you may need medicines to lower cholesterol or blood pressure.
Can metabolic syndrome be prevented?
The best way to prevent metabolic syndrome is through the heart-healthy lifestyle changes.
NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
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